Abstract

immune activation and chronic inflammatory cascades. Human regulatory B (Breg) cells modulate immune homeostasis and are downregulated in glomerulonephritis. We aim to evaluate B cell subsets counts in type 2 DM patients with and without nephropathy in comparison to normal control individuals. Sixty participants comprising twenty-four patients with type 2 DM without kidney injury, twenty-four patients with DN diagnosed via KDIGO guidelines, and twelve matched healthy controls underwent clinical, biochemical, and flow cytometric evaluations. CD19⁺ B cell subsets count, including Breg cells (CD19⁺CD24^hiCD38^hi) and memory B cell counts (CD19⁺CD24⁺CD38^–) were quantified using multi-parametric flow cytometry. B cell count was significantly lower in patients with DN compared to DM and healthy control groups. Moreover, Breg and memory B cell counts were significantly lower in the DN group compared to the DM group. However, no significant difference was observed regarding B cell subsets between the DM and healthy control groups. Breg cells could predict DN (AUC = 0.720, p = 0.017) at a cut-off of ≤13.5% with 95% sensitivity and 95% specificity. In conclusion, Breg cells serve a vital role in suppressing aberrant immune reactivity, meaning that their insufficiency can trigger heightened autoimmune processes. Ultimately, the Breg subpopulation holds substantial promise as a significant biomarker for predicting both the onset and progression of DN with no correlation with the severity of DN.

Keywords: Type- 2 DM; DN; Immune response; Breg cells; B cell subsets; Memory B cells; Flowcytometry; ACR.

Date received: 06 July 2026; accepted: 29 July 2026

PMID:
0000000